Physiology is the study of how the body functions and maintains homeostasis. NurseQuizPrep specialists provide physiology exam prep with clinical correlations — connecting organ system physiology to nursing assessment, pathophysiology, and pharmacology.

Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Physiology

Cardiac cycle phases (systole, diastole), heart sounds (S1, S2, murmurs), blood pressure regulation (Starling forces, baroreceptors), pulmonary mechanics (compliance, resistance), and ventilation-perfusion matching.

• Cardiac output = HR × SV; normal 4-8 L/min
• Starling forces: capillary filtration vs. reabsorption — oncotic vs. hydrostatic pressure
• V/Q mismatch: low V/Q = shunt (pneumonia, ARDS); high V/Q = dead space (PE)

Renal & Acid-Base Physiology

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tubular reabsorption and secretion, countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle, acid-base regulation (bicarbonate buffer system, respiratory compensation, renal compensation), and fluid compartments.

• Normal GFR: ~125 mL/min; decreases with age and CKD
• Acid-base: pH 7.35-7.45; pCO2 35-45; HCO3 22-26 mEq/L
• Respiratory compensation: immediate (minutes); Renal compensation: slow (days)